The term "rakan," also known as "arhat," refers to a revered class of ascetics within Buddhism. These individuals are dedicated practitioners who have attained a significant level of spiritual realization and are tasked with preserving and proclaiming the teachings of the Buddha, known as the Dharma, on Earth. Their role is particularly important in the historical context following the death of Shakyamuni Buddha, the founder of Buddhism, who lived in the 5th to 4th centuries BC.
The rakan are seen as embodiments of enlightenment and serve as guiding figures for both monastic and lay Buddhists. They are celebrated for their deep understanding of Buddhist principles, their commitment to ethical living, and their ability to help others on their spiritual journeys. In many traditions, rakan are depicted as having successfully overcome the cycle of birth and rebirth, achieving liberation from suffering and the transient nature of the physical world.
The figures of the rakan hold significant cultural and spiritual value, often being depicted in various forms of art, such as paintings and sculptures, emphasizing their esteemed status within Buddhist communities. Their narratives and teachings continue to inspire generations, ensuring that the essence of Shakyamuni's wisdom endures in the lives of practitioners and in the broader context of Buddhist philosophy and practice. Thus, the role of the rakan extends beyond mere preservation; they actively engage in the teaching and interpretation of Buddhist doctrines, ensuring that the fundamental truths of their spiritual tradition are accessible to all who seek enlightenment and a deeper understanding of life.
Rakan, the enlightened disciples of Buddha, have been the subject of very popular devotion since the time of Edo. They occupy such a special place in Japanese Zen Buddhism that they have become traditional figures of Japanese art.
Just a simple photo during one of my many visits to the temples in Kyoto.
According to Buddhist scripture, arhats (Japanese: rakan) are protectors of the Dharma who also use assorted magical powers to assist the faithful. They were frequently depicted in groups of eight, sixteen, eighteen, twenty-eight, or five hundred. I found a group of four to represent the four stages of awakening.
In the Sutta Pitaka several types of Buddhist practitioners are described, according to their level of attainment. The standard is four, but there are also longer descriptions with more types. The four are the Stream-enterer, Once-returner, Non-returner and the Arahant.
It is not difficult to find photo subjects in this favourite city of mine. I have been to Japan 35 times now.
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